Sounds like a "vitreal detachment," a temporary condition that normally resolves itself when gravity causes the detached area to drift downwards and out of your visible range. It's scary when it first appears, but it's not serious unless it persists for more than a week. If you had coughed, thereby increasing your intra-ocular pressure, you would have seen a real light show.
Fortunately, your episode was brief.
As for what causes vitreal detachments, my Ophthamologist admitted that nobody really knows -- they just happen sometimes. Bilberry and Lutein seem to enhance overall eye health, and I've had no recurrences since I started taking those particular supplements from time to time.
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