It's interesting to look at research from several years ago to see its current impact. The main thing to keep in mind is the earth has 'normal' cycles as is seen in physical proofs such as fossils.
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August 15, 1996
Harvard University Gazette
Putting a New Spin on Earth's Core
By William J. Cromie
Gazette Staff
The metallic core of our planet is spinning faster than the rest of it, according to evidence unearthed by Harvard geologists. And this hellishly hot core, almost as big as the moon, apparently is growing in size.
"It's like a planet within a planet," says Adam Dziewonski, Baird Professor of Science.
It's the first major finding about Earth since the 1960s, when geologists confirmed that continents and ocean bottoms drift across the planet's surface at a rate of less than an inch to about four inches a year. "You very seldom make planetary-scale discoveries like these," Dziewonski notes.
The whole Earth spins completely around once a day, while the inner core rotates an extra three degrees or so each year. In approximately 120 years, the planet within completes an extra lap (360 degrees).
If you could stand on the surface of the inner core and look up at the bottoms of continents, you would see them falling behind at a languid rate of about a half-mile a day.
The solid inner is surrounded by a liquid outer core. They, in turn, sit inside a 1,800-mile deep mantle of rock like a partly cooked yolk enveloped by egg white. Atop the white lies a 20-mile-thick cracked "shell" representing the moving continents and oceans.
The inner core itself was only discovered in 1936. Dziewonski and Freeman Gilbert of the University of California, San Diego, proved it was solid, rather than liquid, a scant 25 years ago.
In 1986, Andrea Morelli, John Woodhouse, and Dziewonski, working at Harvard, found a strange unevenness, or anisotropy, in the inner core. Shock waves from earthquakes travel through it in a north-south direction faster than in other directions. Geologists attribute this to the crystalline structure that iron, its major ingredient, assumes under the intense pressure near Earth's center, more than a million pounds on every square inch.
Two years ago, Dziewonski and research associate Wei-jia Su showed that the axis of symmetry of the iron tilts about 12 degrees from the north-south axis of its rotation. Dziewonski and Su located the asymmetry axis when they analyzed records from 15,722 earthquakes that sent shock waves though the inner core.
Earth scientists began to discuss whether the inner "planet" might rotate at a different speed than the rest of Earth. While visiting the University of California, Berkeley, last year, Dziewonski and geophysicist Raymond Jeanloz talked about how they might solve that riddle.
"We were riding around in a car sightseeing and discussing how we could measure such rotation," Dziewonski recalled. "We came up with the idea of using the axis of symmetry as a marker. The many years of data we had collected could tell us if and how much its position changed with time. If it moved around, then the inner core must rotate at a different speed."
Su divided 30 years of earthquake records into three 10-year periods, but he couldn't come up with a clean result. Some months later, Dziewonski suggested using six five-year periods. When that was done, the change showed up clearly. They found that path along which shock waves travel fastest, the axis of symmetry, moved from west to east about 3 degrees a year.
Talk of Torque
Meanwhile, seismologists at Columbia University analyzed the travel paths of quakes that had rattled the ocean floor south of South America. These temblors sent shock waves through the center of Earth and out the other side at Fairbanks, Alaska. They, too, conclude that the inner core spins independently but at a slower speed -- one degree a year. At that rate, it would take the solid iron core 360 years to lap the rest of Earth.
The extra rotation apparently comes from a twisting force generated by the interaction between the magnetic fields of the inner and outer cores. The inner core, more than 3,000 miles below our feet and roasting at a temperature of about 7,000 degrees Fahrenheit, steadily releases its heat to the liquid outer core. This heat stimulates convective motion in the latter, causing molten iron to move like air over a radiator. Hot fluid moves upward, cools, then slips downward.
The highly conductive iron moving in a magnetic field generates electricity, creating the equivalent of a huge generator, or dynamo, at the planet's center. This electricity, in turn, has its own magnetic field which is responsible for compasses pointing north, northern and southern lights, and other effects at the planet's surface.
Magnetic fields in the core reach strengths of 200 or more times greater than at the surface. The intense field at the bottom of the outer core penetrates into the inner core, coupling the two together.
"We believe this coupling provides enough twisting motion, or torque, to power for extra rotation of the inner core," Dziewonski says. The mechanism works somewhat like that of a motor wherein a rapidly changing electromagnetic force causes a rotor to rotate. In this case, the motor rotor is the size of the moon.
This neat explanation leaves one frustrating question: where did the magnetic field come from that originally started the geodynamo? "Once you get things going, the electric current generated by the dynamo can reinforce it," Dziewonski notes. "But we don't know how things got started in the first place."
Sometime after Earth formed, nearly 5 billion years ago, it must have been completely molten. During that time, heavy metals like iron sank toward the center.
"At first, there was no inner core," Dziewonski says. "Now it is about 1,500 miles wide and 4,700 miles in circumference. We believe it grows by the freezing-out of iron as Earth cools. The heat that is released provides the energy to roil the outer core and drive the geodynamo."
When the inner core began to solidify, and why it developed its anisotropy, remain unknown.
It's also possible that the inner core changes its axis of symmetry over time, or that the overlying mantle is slowing down compared to the inner core rather than the other way around. However, Dziewonski says, "the best explanation of what we see is that the anisotropy is frozen so its position changes correspond to movement of the inner core."
Discovery Within Discovery
During their analysis of earthquake records, Su and Dziewonski found something they call "every bit as exciting" as discovering the independent spin. Around 1971, the axis of anisotropy, and presumably the inner core, shifted ahead some 50 degrees. That's as much motion as takes place in about 17 years, or 50 years if you take the Columbia researchers' slower rotation rate.
"We were surprised and stunned when we saw it," Dziewonski remarked.
At nearly the same time, the magnetic field at the surface underwent an abrupt change known as a "magnetic jerk."
"This instability probably came from a change in the outer core, where the field originates," Dziewonski guesses. "The change may also have produced a temporary torque that jerked the inner core forward. The motion of the outer-core fluid is complex and poorly understood, however, so this may be just a hand-waving explanation."
To answer questions raised by finding a planet within a planet, and a discovery within a discovery, "we need to constantly monitor the inner core," Dziewonski says.
That's not easy. Earthquakes occur frequently only in certain parts of the world, and many of them don't produce shock waves that pass through the metal core. To do a better job, Dziewonski wants to add more recording stations to the worldwide net of some 100 stations already in existence. He also sees a need for more powerful computers to find out exactly how the geodynamo works and how it interacts with the inner core.
"The expense would not be unreasonable," he maintains. "If we made similar discoveries about Mars or our moon, there would be a clamor to send a space mission there."
Copyright 1998 President and Fellows of Harvard College
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The art of medicine consists of amusing the patient while nature cures the disease
Earth's Magnetic Poles May
Be About To Switch
By Paul Simons
The Guardian - London
7-6-2
The Earth could be about to turn upside down. The planet's magnetic field is showing signs of wanting to make a gigantic somersault, so that magnetic north heads towards Antarctica, and magnetic south goes north. Compasses will point the wrong way, and migrating birds, fish and turtles are going to be very confused.
Just when this will happen, how long it will take and what the consequences will be, is difficult to fathom. What is not in doubt, though, is that it will happen. About every half a million years or so, the Earth's magnetic field flips upside down.
The story begins in 1600, when Sir William Gilbert, physician to Queen Elizabeth I, suggested that the Earth was a giant magnet. At the magnetic poles, a compass needle would stand up and point straight down into the Earth. And he was right, up to a point. The magnetic poles are where all the lines of force of Earth's magnetic field are drawn together. It does not coincide with the geographic poles, the axis on which the Earth spins, but it is close.
Yet the Earth is not a solid magnet. For one thing, its magnetic poles are constantly drifting around. At present, magnetic north is heading out of Canadian territory into the Arctic Ocean at about 10 miles per year. Also, a bar magnet quickly loses its power, yet the Earth's magnetic field has been around for billions of years, so something is regenerating it. This is why Einstein remarked that the origin of the Earth's magnetic field was one of the greatest mysteries of physics.
Today, we think that magnetic power comes from the Earth's hot outer shell of molten iron sloshing around a solid inner core. As this subterranean ocean of liquid metal slowly whirls around, it behaves like a dynamo generating electrical currents and magnetic fields. Just like the flickering light on a bicycle powered by a dynamo, the Earth's currents are a little erratic, and so the magnetic field at the surface of the Earth fluctuates. We know the magnetic polarity goes topsy-turvy from rocks on the bed of the Atlantic Ocean.
Along the middle of the Atlantic runs a gigantic crack from which lava oozes. As the lava solidifies into rock, it records the Earth's magnetic polarity at the time. These records show that we are due for another flip about now. But the Earth does not keep a regular rhythm, so no one could make a prediction based on past performance alone. There is, however, more convincing proof that we are heading for a tumble. Each time the magnetic field heads for a reversal, it grows weaker over several thousand years until it almost disappears. Then it switches and starts up again with renewed vigour.
Magnetism trapped in ancient pottery shows that over the past 4,000 years, the magnetic field has weakened by more than 50%. This past century, the strength has dropped by 5%. At this rate, the field might disappear in the next few hundred or thousand years. Another warning sign of an imminent flip has come recently from satellite measurements of the Earth's magnetic field.
A team led by Gauthier Hulot, of the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, has spotted patches of reversed magnetism concentrated in two places just underneath the Earth's outer mantle. In the largest patch, beneath the southern tip of Africa, the magnetic field is pointing towards the centre of the Earth, instead of outwards. The other patch is near the north pole.
Some experts have stuck their necks out to predict that we can expect the next reversal some time in the next 2,000 years. The process would probably then take anything between 100 and a few thousand years - not even a blink in the history of Earth. We can only guess what life would be like during that reversal. Anyone trying to navigate with a magnetic compass is going to have a tough time, but what is going to happen to all those birds, fish and other animals that migrate vast distances using their own internal magnetic compass? Will they have time to re-draw their magnetic maps and get new bearings?
Even more creatures such as bees and some bacteria use a sense of magnetism for finding their way around their local territories, for a north/south or up/down axis. The Earth's magnetic field also stretches several hundred miles into space and protects us from the sun's charged particles and cosmic rays by focusing them towards the poles. This is where they appear as the northern and southern lights as they excite gases in the atmosphere. As the magnetic poles migrate across the world, those night lights are going to light up some very strange places where they have never been seen before.
During a field reversal, this protective magnetic shield is going to be weak and might even disappear for a century or more. That might drastically affect the weather. There is a growing body of evidence that the sun's highly charged particles batter the upper atmosphere so hard that some of the assault filters down into the atmosphere around us, influencing the wind, atmospheric pressure and temperature.
Without our magnetic shield, those solar particles might create havoc with the weather. That cosmic radiation blasting the Earth's surface could cause genetic mutations and cancers. Yet when palaeontologists scoured the fossil records looking for signs of mass extinctions or bursts of evolution during previous magnetic field flips, they found nothing. Living organisms seem to have survived intact. But what will happen next time?
The earth is hollow; it does not have a molten core. The contention that gravity is caused by ferromagnetism is flawed because ferromagnetism stops working at temperatures above 300 degrees Celsius.
The universe operates by far different laws then we were lead to believe in school.
The earth is hollow; it does not have a molten core.
That's interesting! Could you provide some reading material on that topic plz?
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The contention that gravity is caused by ferromagnetism is flawed because ferromagnetism stops working at temperatures above 300 degrees Celsius.
Well, yes, once it reaches the Curie point.. they become ferromagnetic once again upon cooling. There's several possibilities of how ferromagnetism may factor in regarding gravity. Perhaps in your instance, as you believe it's found in the ? core, ferromagnetism could follow the Curie-Weiss law (governs ferromagnetic susceptibility above the Curie temperature) or ferromagnetic material disappears and it remains weakly magnetic (becomes paramagnetic).
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The universe operates by far different laws then we were lead to believe in school.
Science is always evolving, that's for sure! There's an interesting series on the history channel that I'd love to catch. I saw a bit of it before work one morning & I've been down the shore for several days so hopefully I haven't missed any of the reruns.. but, it explains the M-theory. Really exciting info regarding various demensions and how they interact with ours.
I'll get back to you soon. I made a HUGE post but then lost the whole thing. My fault.
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The contention that gravity is caused by ferromagnetism is flawed because ferromagnetism stops working at temperatures above 300 degrees Celsius.
Oops, my mistake. I meant that the contention that the Earth's magnetic field is caused by ferromagnetism is flawed. I'm getting ahead of myself here.
I said "gravity" because I was going to talk about how gravity is actually an electromagnetic phenomenon. That, by the way, is how "UFOs" (a misnomer because the vast majority of them are identified) can defy gravity with such ease.
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That's interesting! Could you provide some reading material on that topic plz?
I'll send you some reading material in a few days, first I need to study up on this myself because it leads into lots of other hard-to-believe topics and I did learn this many months ago, so I don't want to make any more mistakes.
I like how you politefully asked for some reading material rather then calling me crazy
Here's some reading material on the "Expanding Earth", which is also very interesting:
Learning that the Earth is expanding makes it easier to accept that it is hollow.
Other fascinating information
* There are many sentient beings living inside the Earth.
* There is a miniature sun inside the Earth, 600 miles in diameter.
* All planets are hollow and have miniature suns inside them.
* All stars are hollow.
* There is sentient life on every planet in our solar system, but mostly on different dimensions. Mars and Venus were the two planets that had sentient life on our dimension; now the people living on Mars have to live underground because they destroyed the atmosphere. All life on Venus was wiped out a long time ago.
* Black holes are actually massive higher-dimensional stars.
And other good things I'm not going to talk about now (that's enough for today lol).
Yes indeed. It's amusing how we all know that science has almost never been right about ANYTHING throughout history, yet the vast majority of scientists, doctors, etc today all believe that their theories are 100% right.
Science will never reveal all the things we need to know about the universe, only direct cosmic knowledge can do that. In past years many have had increased access to cosmic knowledge which is why I know that many of the things I say are at least mostly true (again, some of it is based on science and that is always subject to change) - they spring from cosmic knowledge rather then man-made knowledge.
In the future they will look back on our medical practices and scientific beliefs and think them as absurd as we consider the practice of bloodletting. The medicine of the future is energetic medicine; we actually have the technology for it today but the medical establishment has essentially outlawed most of it. A few examples:
* Royal Raymond Rife invented a very effective machine for curing just abut any disease caused by living organisms.
* Dinshah Ghadiali and his Spectocrome Therapy, which involved using different colors to cure many diseases. He was actually the first man to have his books burned in the US, not Dr. Reich as is popularly believed (by those who actually know of Reich, that is).
Magnetic Earth
My fault.
Hybrid Mode
