06-03-2011, 08:02 AM
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Super Moderator
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Join Date: Dec 2007
Location: Texas, USA
Posts: 1,898
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Butyrate (butyric acid)
Butter is 3-4 percent butyrate, the richest known source.
What does it do for you?
1. Suppresses the Hyphal form of Candida.
2. Suppresses Phagocytosis (shape changing) of Candida.
3. Stimulates the production of Mucin, which helps support a healthy gut wall ecology.
4. Feeds the cells lining the Colon called Coloncytes.
5. May prevent Colon Cancer.
SCFAs are readily absorbed. Butyrate is the major energy source for colonocytes. Propionate is largely taken up by the liver. Acetate enters the peripheral circulation to be metabolized by peripheral tissues. Specific SCFA may reduce the risk of developing gastrointestinal disorders, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Acetate is the principal SCFA in the colon, and after absorption it has been shown to increase cholesterol synthesis. However, propionate, a gluconeogenerator, has been shown to inhibit cholesterol synthesis. Therefore, substrates that can decrease the acetate: propionate ratio may reduce serum lipids and possibly cardiovascular disease risk. Butyrate has been studied for its role in nourishing the colonic mucosa and in the prevention of cancer of the colon, by promoting cell differentiation, cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis of transformed colonocytes; inhibiting the enzyme histone deacetylase and decreasing the transformation of primary to secondary bile acids as a result of colonic acidification. Therefore, a greater increase in SCFA production and potentially a greater delivery of SCFA, specifically butyrate, to the distal colon may result in a protective effect. Butyrate irrigation (enema) has also been suggested in the treatment of colitis. More human studies are now needed, especially, given the diverse nature of carbohydrate substrates and the SCFA patterns resulting from their fermentation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16633129
Interestingly, short chain fatty acids (butyric acid), the product of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), inhibited germination. In addition, LAB culture supernatants as well as live LAB also inhibited C. albicans morphogenesis. Overall, these results indicate that fatty acid metabolites and fatty acid pathways can up-regulate and down-regulate germination in C. albicans.
https://iai.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/72/11/6206
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are fermentation products of anerobic bacteria. The main SCFAs are acetate, propionate and butyrate. They are normally found in human intestine at high concentrations (70–140 mM) and also in other sites that are associated with infections, such as periodontal Disease and intra-abdominal infection.
These SCFAs can regulate cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis.
In particular, butyrate has been shown to have important anti-inflammatory effects on leukocytes and other cell types and can be therapeutically used for treatment of inflammatory diseases such as colitis and Crohn disease.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cbf.1533/pdf
The butyrate-fed mice remained lean and avoided metabolic problems. Butyrate increased their energy expenditure by increasing body heat production and modestly increasing physical activity. It also massively increased the function of their mitochondria, the tiny power plants of the cell.
Butyrate lowered their blood cholesterol by approximately 25 percent, and their triglycerides by nearly 50 percent. It lowered their fasting insulin by nearly 50 percent, and increased their insulin sensitivity by nearly 300 percent*.
Investigators are using oral butyrate supplements and butyrate enemas to treat inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's and ulcerative colitis. Investigators are also suggesting that inflammatory bowel disorders may be caused or exacerbated by a deficiency of butyrate in the first place.
Why does butyrate have so much control over inflammation? Let's think about where it comes from. Bacteria in the gut produce it. It's a source of energy, so our bodies take it up readily. It's one of the main molecules that passes from the symbiotic (helpful) bacteria in the gut to the rest of the body. It's only logical that the body would receive butyrate as a signal that there's a thriving colony of symbiotic bacteria in the gut, and induce a tolerance to them. The body may alter its immune response (inflammation) in order to permit a mutually beneficial relationship between itself and its symbionts.
https://wholehealthsource.blogspot.co...roller-of.html
Bacteria that live in the human colon transform various fibers, such as oat bran, to a series of compounds, including butyric acid. This contributes to the foul smell of flatulence. People who consume a low carbohydrate diet have lower amounts of butyric acid in their colon. Some researchers think that butanoate protects against colon cancer, however, the evidence is mixed.
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