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\r\n \r\n\r\nDefault\r\n\r\n Saturated fat lowers VLDL-cholesterol.\r\n
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\r\n \r\n Dietary Carbohydrate Modifies the Inverse Association Between Saturated Fat Intake and Cholesterol on Very Low-Density Lipoproteins
\r\nFree full text at link (my bold).
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\r\n \r\n We aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary saturated fat on fasting triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels, and any mediation of this relationship by dietary carbohydrate intake.
\r\n Men and women in the NHLBI Genetics of Lipid-Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) study (n = 1036, mean age � SD = 49 � 16 y) were included.
\r\nMixed linear models were run with saturated fat as a predictor variable and fasting TG, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), low density cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density cholesterol (HDL-C) as separate outcome variables.
\r\n Subsequent models were run which included dietary carbohydrate as a predictor variable, and an interaction term between saturated fat and carbohydrate.
\r\n All models controlled for age, sex, BMI, blood pressure and dietary covariates.
\r\n In models that included only saturated fat as a predictor, saturated fat did not show significant associations with fasting lipids.
\r\n When carbohydrate intake and an interaction term between carbohydrates and saturated fat intake was included, carbohydrate intake did not associate with lipids, but there was an inverse relationship between saturated fat intake and VLDL-C (P = 0.01) with a significant interaction (P = 0.01) between saturated fat and carbohydrate with regard to fasting VLDL-C concentrations.
\r\n Similar results were observed for fasting TG levels.
\r\nWe conclude that, when controlling for carbohydrate intake, higher saturated fat was associated with lower VLDL-C and TGs.
\r\n This was not the case at higher intakes of carbohydrate.
\r\n This has important implications for dietary advice aimed at reducing TG and VLDL-C levels.\r\n \r\n
\r\n
So when is Saturated fat harmful?
\r\nWhen it is associated with higher carbohydrate intakes.
\r\n
\r\nI\'ve just read this paper again because I don\'t quite believe I\'m reading it correctly.
\r\n Saturated fat was significantly protective against high VLDL-C levels over the whole sample, but this effect was only seen at lower carbohydrate intakes\r\n
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\r\n \r\n\r\nDefault\r\n\r\n Effects of Diet on High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol.\r\n
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\r\n \r\n Effects of Diet on High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol.
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\r\n \r\n Multiple dietary factors have been shown to increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations, and HDL-C has been inversely associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk.
\n Replacement of dietary carbohydrate with polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and saturated fat has been associated with progressively greater increases in HDL-C (7-12%) in addition to other lipid changes.
\nAdded sugars, but not high glycemic carbohydrates, have been associated with decreased HDL-C.
\nAlcohol consumption has been associated with increased HDL-C (9.2%) independent of changes in other measured lipids.
\nModest effects on HDL-C (~4-5%) among other lipid and non-lipid CHD risk factors have also been observed with weight loss by dieting, omega-3 fatty acids, and a Mediterranean diet pattern.
\nThe CHD benefit of increasing HDL-C is unclear given the inconsistent evidence from HDL-raising pharmacologic trials.
\n Furthermore, pleiotropic effects of diet preclude attribution of CHD benefit specifically to HDL-C.
\nInvestigation into functional or other properties of HDL may lend further insight.\r\n \r\n
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The point of posting this is that is it another example of the fact that SATURATED FAT improves HDL.\r\n
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Default Saturated fat lowers VLDL-cholesterol.
Dietary Carbohydrate Modifies the Inverse Association Between Saturated Fat Intake and Cholesterol on Very Low-Density Lipoproteins
Free full text at link (my bold).
Quote:
We aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary saturated fat on fasting triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels, and any mediation of this relationship by dietary carbohydrate intake.
Men and women in the NHLBI Genetics of Lipid-Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) study (n = 1036, mean age � SD = 49 � 16 y) were included.
Mixed linear models were run with saturated fat as a predictor variable and fasting TG, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), low density cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density cholesterol (HDL-C) as separate outcome variables.
Subsequent models were run which included dietary carbohydrate as a predictor variable, and an interaction term between saturated fat and carbohydrate.
All models controlled for age, sex, BMI, blood pressure and dietary covariates.
In models that included only saturated fat as a predictor, saturated fat did not show significant associations with fasting lipids.
When carbohydrate intake and an interaction term between carbohydrates and saturated fat intake was included, carbohydrate intake did not associate with lipids, but there was an inverse relationship between saturated fat intake and VLDL-C (P = 0.01) with a significant interaction (P = 0.01) between saturated fat and carbohydrate with regard to fasting VLDL-C concentrations.
Similar results were observed for fasting TG levels.
We conclude that, when controlling for carbohydrate intake, higher saturated fat was associated with lower VLDL-C and TGs.
This was not the case at higher intakes of carbohydrate.
This has important implications for dietary advice aimed at reducing TG and VLDL-C levels.
So when is Saturated fat harmful?
When it is associated with higher carbohydrate intakes.

I've just read this paper again because I don't quite believe I'm reading it correctly.
Saturated fat was significantly protective against high VLDL-C levels over the whole sample, but this effect was only seen at lower carbohydrate intakes
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